Digital Platforms as Institutionally Mediated Operability Layers for Tourism Sustainability: A Triple-Articulation Framework Linking Labour Formalisation, Environmental Certification, and Visitor Decision-Making in the Colombian Caribbean

Coastal tourism in the Colombian Caribbean operates under a structural paradox. It is among the principal engines of territorial economic growth — Cartagena registered 5.5 million visitors in 2025 (Corpoturismo, 2025) — while simultaneously deepening labour precarity and environmental degradation.